Writing-Reading Facilities E-tools

Getting English Language Learnings to Improve and Focus On Their Literacy Skills.

         This section focuses on instructional technologies that can be used to help ELLs improve their literacy skills. Such as

WIKIS

Wikis is a server program that allows users to collaborate in forming the content of a Web site. The term comes from the word "wikiwiki," which means "fast" in the Hawaiian language.
A wiki provides a simplified interface. It is not necessary to know HTML. At any time, contributors can review the history of the page they are working on or preview the Web page before publishing it.
A wiki Web site operates on a principle of collaborative trust. The simplest wiki programs allow users to create and edit content. More advanced wikis have a management component that allow a designated person to accept or reject changes. The best known example of a wiki Web site is Wikipedia.
Wikis promote student-centered teaching in that student themselves have control over what is written and what stays on the wiki pages. Students can incorporate links to other websites or use pictures and other grapics to spruce up what they have written.

Blogs

Blogs is a personal online journal that is frequently updated and intended for general public consumption. Blogs are defined by their format: a series of entries posted to a single page in reverse-chronological order.Blogs generally represent the personality of the author or reflect the purpose of the Web site that hosts the blog. Topics sometimes include brief philosophical musings, commentary on Internet and other social issues, and links to other sites the author favors, especially those that support a point being made on a post.
There are blog search engines and many different types of blogs are named for the way content is delivered such as :

• Vlog
• Linklog
• Skecthblog
• Photoblog or photo log (Flog)

Teacher can do searches on these websites to find a partner classroom in the country where the target language is spoken. This activity can be a semester-long project with different chains activities. Basically, students are given topics to focus on, such as special holidays, activities, traditions and customs, and share their ideas and experiences.

Webquest

A WebQuest is an inquiry-oriented lesson format in which most or all the information that learners work with comes from the web. These can be created using various programs, including a simple word processing document that includes links to websites.

• WebQuests are activities, using Internet resources, which encourage students to use higher order thinking skills to solve a real messy problem. WebQuests are a sub-set of Problem-Based Learning (PBL).
• Teachers around the world are making WebQuests for their own classes as well as to share. 
• Students of all ages and grades can use WebQuests. 
• Most, if not all, of the information used in WebQuests is drawn from the Internet
• Students are provided with online resources and are asked to use this information constructively to solve the presented problem rather than just cutting and pasting material into an assignment or project.
• By eliminating the need to search or hunt for information the student is given more time to analyse, criticise and assess the information they find.
• WebQuests are inquiry-oriented activities designed to make the most of the student's time.
• Most schools cannot afford the time or resources required to allow students to search the Internet without a clear purpose in mind, and there is doubtful educational benefit in doing so. WebQuests allow students to use the Internet without the arduous task of filtering through the mountains of information contained within it. Teachers have done this work already
• Great WebQuests direct students to not only search for information but to debate, discuss or defend a particular stance with classmates.

ICT For English Literary

Stages of Language Development
Have a two point, Language Acquisition and Language Instructions, What is that?

• Language Acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate. Language acquisition usually refers to first-language acquisition, which studies infants' acquisition of their native language and
• Language Instructions (memperoleh bahasa) is the process by which humans learn to acquire a language, either through schools or courses.

Process Of Learning English as L2

• The process of acquiring or producing language is very regular and systematic (Pienemann, 2007)
• The stages in language acquisition cannot be changed. The learners will acquire new language structures only when they are cognitively and psycologically ready (Krashen, 1981; Pienemann;2007)

Stages of L2 Development (Krashen & Terrell, 1983)

1. Pre-production Stages :This is the silent period. English language learners may have up to 500 words in their receptive vocabulary but they are not yet speaking. Some students will, however, repeat every thing you say. 
2. Early Production Stages :This stage may last up to six months and students will develop a receptive and active vocabulary of about 1000 words. During this stage, students can usually speak in one- or two-word phrases. They can use short language chunks that have been memorized although these chunks may not always be used correctly
3. Speech Emmergence Stages :Students have developed a vocabulary of about 3,000 words and can communicate with simple phrases and sentences
4. Intermediete Fluency :English language learners at the intermediate fluency stage have a vocabulary of 6000 active words. They are beginning to use more complex sentences when speaking and writing and are willing to express opinions and share their thoughts.

English Language (Cummin, 1981)

BICS vs CALP

          BICS stands for Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills and consists of those language skills that allow students to communicate everyday social contexts, such as at home or while spending time with a group of friends (Díaz-Rico & Weed (2006). Since BICS is context embedded (understanding and meaning are provided in the situation due to continuous feedback between participants), English Language Learners tend to develop it within two years; much more quickly than CALP.

          CALP stands for Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency and can be thought of as academic, or school, language. It consists of more “abstract and decontextualized” (Díaz-Rico & Weed, 2010) ideas and requires higher-order thinking skills from the student. Because of a lack of context clues that CALP provides, it can take up to five years for English Language Learners to develop.

Cummin's Quadrant

It is designed for aiding thinking when designing learning for children with English as an additional language (EAL), but as is often the case with good practice designed for minority groups, I think it is actually good practice for all learners. It has certainly help to plan lessons that draw learners in and make the abstract relevant and engaging.

Cummins splits learning into four quadrants of activity. The vertical scale moves from Cognitively un-demanding tasks, those which the learners find easy, to cognitively demanding tasks, which they will find hard. The horizontal moves from tasks with a high context, for instance using material or content the learners will find familiar and relate to, to abstract concepts which are much more challenging to relate to real experience, but are often the ‘Objectives’ that have been defined for them to learn.

For example

ICT for English Literary

Technology in the Classroom

• the use of technology in language teaching is increasing rapidly
• infusing the technology into language teaching has been around for decades

Rationales Why ICT importantis important in English Language Teaching

• The ease of access
• Provide authentic materials
• The use of english in a technological media
• Provide the access to the abundances of ready-made ELT materials
• Can be a facility that connect the learners one to another
• Provide the teacher with a resource book
• Offer the students a new way to practice their language skillsand access the performance
• Technological is mobile can be accessed everywhere

Attitude to the use of technology

• Techno geeks
• Technophobe
• Digital native
• Digital Immigrant

Negative attitude toward the use of ICT

• Lack of confidence
• Lack of facilities
• Lack of training

How to start infusing Technology

• One computer/laptop / notebook
• Internet connection
• Web browser/Search Engine
• A printer

Principles of Effective Teaching and Learning for English Language Learnes

• Know who your learners are-their language background, their language proficiency, their experiential background
• Identify the desired learning outcomes of teaching and learning
• Maintain and make explicit the same learning outcomes for all the learners
• Begin with the context embedded tasks which make abstract concrete
• Provide the opportunities for authentic language use by focussing on using academic language by the teacher
• Balance between receptive and productive language
• administer the monitoring and evaluation during the process of teaching and learning